Windows

Unlike Unix/Linux systems, Microsoft Windows GUI is integrated with the Windows OS with a well-defined API. Such an integration may offer Windows benefits in terms of GUI energy efficiency. Every Windows window has an event handler. All events generated within a window are passed to its event handler through an event loop. There are multiple ways to develop GUI applications for Windows: Win32 API, MFC, ATL, Visual Basic, $etc$. Unlike the X Window system, a significant number of Windows developers use the Win32 API directly to write Windows applications. Therefore, the Win32 API is adopted in this work for energy characterization.